The eminent economic historian Cormac Ó Gráda recently published an important new study of civilian causalities during the two world wars, titled The Hidden Victims, in which he significantly revises the death toll upwards. It is a shocking study in many ways, but an apposite read in an era when international humanitarian law is being widely disregarded.

I’ve written a review of this book for the current issue of History Ireland magazine (July/August 2025). The review can be found here.